Works Cited
Complete bibliography of primary sources, secondary analyses, and digital resources used in this thematic analysis of polarization and freedom in U.S. history (1490s-1890s).
Primary Sources
Bacon, Nathaniel. "A People's Declaration." Virginia, 1676.
Bacon's manifesto outlining grievances against Governor Berkeley and colonial government
Jefferson, Thomas. "Declaration of Independence." Philadelphia: Continental Congress, July 4, 1776.
Foundational document establishing American principles of natural rights and self-governance
Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist Papers. New York, 1787-1788.
Series of essays defending the proposed Constitution and federal government
Henry, Patrick, and George Mason. Anti-Federalist Papers. Various locations, 1787-1788.
Essays and speeches opposing ratification of the Constitution
Lincoln, Abraham. "House Divided Speech." Republican State Convention, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858.
Lincoln's analysis of sectional tensions over slavery expansion
Lincoln, Abraham. "Emancipation Proclamation." Washington, D.C., January 1, 1863.
Presidential proclamation freeing slaves in rebellious states
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, and Lucretia Mott. "Declaration of Sentiments." Seneca Falls Convention, New York, July 19-20, 1848.
Women's rights manifesto demanding political and social equality
U.S. Constitution. "Thirteenth Amendment." Ratified December 6, 1865.
Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude
U.S. Constitution. "Fourteenth Amendment." Ratified July 9, 1868.
Constitutional amendment establishing birthright citizenship and equal protection
U.S. Constitution. "Fifteenth Amendment." Ratified February 3, 1870.
Constitutional amendment prohibiting voting discrimination based on race
Douglass, Frederick. "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" Rochester, New York, July 5, 1852.
Powerful speech critiquing American hypocrisy regarding slavery and freedom
Various States. "Literacy Test Examples." Southern United States, 1890s-1960s.
Discriminatory voting tests designed to disenfranchise African American voters
Secondary Sources
Foner, Eric. The Story of American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Comprehensive examination of how concepts of freedom evolved in American history
McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.
Scholarly analysis of political polarization patterns throughout American history
Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Analysis of the intellectual foundations of American revolutionary thought
Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Examination of how the Revolution transformed American society and concepts of freedom
Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978.
Analysis of the political breakdown that led to the Civil War
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Comprehensive study of slavery's development and impact on American society
Digital Archives & Collections
Library of Congress. "Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints." Digital Collection. https://www.loc.gov/collections/civil-war-glass-negatives/
Photographic documentation of the Civil War period
Library of Congress. "Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention Broadsides." Digital Collection. https://www.loc.gov/collections/continental-congress-and-constitutional-convention-broadsides/
Original documents from the founding period
Library of Congress. "Women's History and the 19th Amendment." Digital Collection. https://www.loc.gov/collections/women-history/
Documents related to women's rights movements
National Archives. "Founding Documents." https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs
Original texts of Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights
Civil Rights Digital Library. "Voting Rights and Disenfranchisement." https://crdl.usg.edu/
Documentation of voting rights struggles and discriminatory practices
Course Materials
Khan Academy. "US History Course Materials." Online Educational Platform. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history
Supplementary educational content covering American history themes
Course Textbook. "American History: A Survey." Various chapters covering 1490s-1890s period.
Primary textbook for historical context and chronological framework
Class Handouts and Lecture Notes. "Polarization and Freedom Themes." Course materials.
Instructor-provided materials focusing on thematic analysis
Primary Sources
Documents & Speeches:
Author. "Title." Location: Publisher/Institution, Date.
Constitutional Sources:
U.S. Constitution. "Amendment Title." Ratified Date.
Secondary Sources
Books:
Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year.
Digital Collections:
Institution. "Collection Title." URL
Research Methodology
This project employs thematic analysis methodology, examining primary and secondary sources to identify recurring patterns of polarization and evolving concepts of freedom throughout American history (1490s-1890s).